like
me”
(4).
The
scores
on
each
item
were
totaled,
yielding
a
scale
with
a
possible
range
of
6
to
24.
Only
1
per-
cent
scored
at
12
or
below,
16
percent
were
moderate
with
scores
between
13
and
18,
83
percent
were
at
19
or
above,
and
a
third
received
a
full
24
points
(they
said
that
all
six
items
were
“very
much
like
me”).
In
contrast,
the
second
subscale,
labeled
Introjection,
describes
an
ori-
entation
in
which
beliefs
and
practices
are
maintained
through
guilt
or
es-
teem-related
anxiety.
The
tour
items
used
here
were
as
follows:
e
“I
attend
church
because
others
would
disapprove
if
I
didn't.”
»
“I
attend
church
because
one
is
supposed
to
go.”
*
“I
pray
because
God
will
disap-
prove
if
I
dont.”
*
“T
share
my
faith
because
T
want
other
Christians
to
approve
of
me.”
Rvan
et
al.
report
positive
correla-
tions
between
Introjection
and
anxiety
and
depression
measures
and
negative
correlations
with
self-esteem,
identity
integrations,
and
self-actualization
?
With
a
possible
range
of
4
to
16,
77
pereent
scored
at
8
or
below,
15
per-
cent
ranged
between
9
and
11,
and
only
8
percent
received
scores
of
12
or.
above.
Nearly
38
percent
received
the
minimum
score
of
4
(they
held
that
all
of
the
items
were
“not
at
all
like
me”).
Apparently,
these
Adventist
parents
tended
to
be
high
on
Identiti-
cation
and
low
on
Introjection.
That
is,
they
were
religiously
motivated
by
attitudes
conducive
to
mental
health.
Several
items
were
included
that
measure
orthodoxy
of
views
about
inspiration.
To
the
statement,
“It
is
very
important
for
true
Christians
to
believe
that
the
Bible
is
the
infallible
word
of
God,”
91
percent
said
“it
is
very
much
like
me”
and
another
7
percent
declared
that
“it
is
somewhat
like
me.”
In
responding
to
“1
am
sure
the
Bible
contains
no
errors
or
contra-
dictions,”
67
percent
chose
“it
is
very
much
like
me”
and
18
percent
“it
is
somewhat
like
me.”
Finally,
69
per-
cent
strongly
agreed
and
17
percent
somewhat
agreed
with
the
statement:
“Ellen
White
was
inspired
by
God
and
The
Adventist
parents
surveyed
tended
to
use
sound
parenting
practices,
espe-
cially
in
the
areas
of
Inde-
pendence,
Rational
Guid-
ance,
and
Expressing
Affection.
I
her
writings
arc
an
authoritative
guide
for
Adventists
todav.”
Only
4
percent
disagreed.
By
a
nmmber
of
measure.
these
Adventist
parents
seems
to
be
solidly
religious.
Parenting
Styles
Twenty
items
from
the
Child-Rear-
ing
Practices
Report’
were
included
to
48$eSS
various
parenting
styles.
These
were
grouped
into
six
scales:
Encour-
aging
Independence,
Exercising
Strong
Control.
Using
Rational
Guid-
ance
and
Reasoning,
Punishing
in
Non-physical
Ways,
Expressing
Attec-
tion
to
Children,
and
Conflict.
Scores
on
these
scales,
as
with
Religious
Ori-
entation,
were
divided
into
low,
mod-
erate,
and
high.
In
the
list
below,
the
percentage
that
fell
into
each
classifi-
cation
is
given.
along
with
two
sample
items
for
each.
Encourage
independence
in
children.
“I
respect
my
child(ren)’s
opinions
and
encourage
them
to
express
them.”
“I
let
my
children
make
decisions
for
themselves.”
1
percent
low
13
percent
moderate
86
percent
high
Exercise
strong
parental
control.
“1
do
not
allow
my
child(ren)
to
get
angry
with
me.”
“T
have
strict,
well-
established
rules
for
my
child(ren).”
35
percent
low
44
percent
moderate
21
percent
high
Use
methods
of
rational
guidance
and
reasoning:
“1
talk
it
over
and
rea-
son
with
my
child(ren)
when
they
mis-
behave.”
“I
make
sure
that
my
child(ren)
know
that
I
appreciate
them
when
they
try
or
succeed.”
1
percent
low
16
percent
moderate
83
percent
high
Punish
in
non-physical
ways:
“1
punish
my
child(ren}
by
putting
them
off
somewhere
by
themselves.”
“I
punish
my
child(ren)
by
taking
away
a
privilege.”
17
percent
low
53
percent
moderate
30
percent
high
Express
affection
to
children.
“1
express
affection
by
hugging,
kissing,
and
holding
mv
child(ren).”
“My
child(ren}
and
T
have
warm,
intimate
times
together.”
2
percent
low
8
percent
moderate
90
percent
high
Anger
and
conflict
between
parent
and
child.
1
often
feel
angry
with
my
child(ren).”
“There
is
a
good
deal
of
conflict
between
my
child(ren}
and
me.”
40
percent
low
43
percent
moderate
17
percent
high
These
Adventists
tend
to
use
sound
parenting
practices,
especially
in
the
areas
of
Independence,
Rational
Guidance,
and
Expressing
Affection.
A
fifth
may
be
over-controlling,
and
a
sixth
are
too
high
on
anger
and
con-
flict.
But
in
general,
they
have
learned
effective
parenting
behaviors.
OCTOBER/NOVEMBER
1995
23